Inmotion V10F - Test and experience report on Inmotion's flagship

21 April 2019 / From Jen Kleinholz / Gadgets / 2 comments

First of all, a short thank you to Hammer International or Inmotion (see www.inmotionworld.com) who sent me the electric unicycle for testing. I have to admit that I've always flirted with the model, because after I bought the Inmotion V8 as my first unicycle, I was very quickly enthusiastic about the manufacturer's technology. There is also a little report pending on the V8, which will certainly come soon, but so that you can already have a small comparison of the two EUC models, I will certainly explain here one time or the other what has changed from the V8 to the V10 Has. There is one here too English version of this article.

Unboxing of the Inmotion V10F unicycle (Photos: Sir Apfelot).

Chapter in this post:

1 Technical data of the Inmotion V10 / V10F
2 Look and feel of the electric unicycle
3 improvements to the Inmotion V8
4 Range of the Inmotion V10F
5 Battery warning and speed limits on the Inmotion V10 / V10F
6 Driving experience and maneuverability of the Inmotion V10F
7 The engine performance compared to the Inmotion V8
8 More engine power = less risk of accidents
9 maximum speed
10 Mature: The Inmotion App on the iPhone
11 My favorite app: DarknessBot
12 Conclusion: A great advancement to the V8
13 Notice of transparency
14 Similar posts

Sir Apfelot recommendation: Clean up your Mac hard drive with CleanMyMac

Technical data of the Inmotion V10 / V10F

Attentive readers will have noticed that Inmotion has two variants of the V10 at the start. One is on the market under the designation "V10" and the other under the designation "V10F". In principle, both models are based on the same technology and also have the same look. An important difference, however, is the built-in battery pack, which has just 10 Wh (650 Ah) in the V8,8, while the battery in the V10F has almost 960% more power reserves with a good 12,8 Wh (50 Ah). Of course, this is also reflected in the range, which the manufacturer specifies as up to 100 km for the V10F. In comparison, the V10 has about 70 km – according to the manufacturer.

Thanks to the large battery pack, the Inmotion V10F can be used for such long tours that your feet usually need a break before starting the unicycle.

When specifying the range, however, you have to reckon with different values in reality, because the manufacturer's specifications can only be achieved in practice (across the board from all unicycle manufacturers!) if you weigh 60 kilograms on a unicycle without a headwind straight stretch at a speed that is not too high. And it's best to have a nice 25 degrees in the shade, so that the batteries work in their "comfort zone", in which they can deliver the maximum amount of electrical energy. In practice, the V10 is probably closer to 35 km, while the V10F can already break the 50 km mark.

	Inmotion V8	Inmotion V10	Inmotion V10F
Weight	13,8 kg	20,6 kg	20,6 kg
Wheel diameter	16 inch	16 inch	16 inch
battery capacity	480 Wh	650 Wh	960 Wh
Battery Type	72 V / 6,4 Ah	72 V / 8,8Ah	72 V / 12,8 Ah
charging time	4,5:XNUMX	6,0:XNUMX	8,0:XNUMX
Power	800 watts,	1800 watts,	2000 W
Range (according to manufacturer)	30-40 km	60-70 km	90-100 km
Range in practice	20-23 km	30-40 km	45-55 km/h
top speed	30 km/h	40 km/h	40 km/h
Max. payload	120 kg	120 kg	120 kg
max. slope	25°	30°	30°
IP protection class	IP55	IP55	IP55

The battery display of the V10F is based on the proven display type of the V8. You can even see roughly how much battery you have left while driving (Photos: Sir Apfelot).

The look and feel of the electric unicycle

As with the Inmotion V8, you can only tip your hat here. The EUC (electric unicycle) is very well made and should be just as robust as the V8. The number of "accidents" I've had with the V8 (without a fall from me!) is indescribable. Sometimes the unicycle did somersaults because it drove over a curb without me. Once it even landed head-on on a lantern – from 15 km/h to 0 km/h due to a hard impact. But the unicycle still purrs like on the first day. Incidentally, I always escaped without injury.

The side pads are glued on and make driving more comfortable, as the side pressure on the knees and lower legs is minimized.

The Inmotion V10F has taken over the basic look, but is visually a little more pepped up by the side cushions and the trolley handle. The side LED lighting causes a bit of a stir, of course, as it looks really pretty cool when driving. But since I mostly drive with the protective cover and am more interested in attracting little attention, I don't really use the LED effects.

Overall, the Inmotion V10F looks really good. It looks beautifully compact, elegant and of high quality - which it actually is.

Thanks to the strong front LED, you can also ride the unicycle in the dark. However, a strong headlamp is also a good investment.

The V8 didn't have the taillight yet, but it's definitely a good innovation that provides more safety in the city. If you brake with the unicycle, the light becomes even brighter, like a car brake light. — The rear light was not yet available on the V8, but it is definitely a good innovation that offers more safety in the city (not allowed in DE!). If you brake with the unicycle, the light becomes even brighter - like a car brake light.

Improvements to the Inmotion V8

Compared to its predecessor, the Inmotion V8, some points have changed, which I would like to quickly tick off here in the list:

the pedals have a rubber coating (instead of grip tape) and are slightly larger
the trolley handle can no longer be pulled out, but folds over the unicycle (this means there is more space inside for batteries!)
the construction has become higher overall
Tires are wider (16 x 2,5 inches instead of 16 x 2,125 inches) and the tire profile is stronger (suitable for off-road and asphalt)
the center of gravity is slightly higher because the batteries were installed higher up
Front and rear speakers (controllable via Bluetooth)
Padding for the legs in the upper area
Rear light with brake light function
Front light is significantly brighter
Motherboard has been changed and cooling has been improved, according to other reports
The handle button (to switch off the bike when carrying it) is still available

The Inmotion V8 was with us on vacation in Denmark and was able to keep up with the larger V10F (Photo: Sir Apfelot). — The Inmotion V8 was with us on vacation in Denmark and was able to keep up with the larger V10F. It's still my first recommendation for beginners, but in terms of top speed and range it doesn't really match the V10 / V10F (Photo: Sir Apfelot).

Range of the Inmotion V10F

As already mentioned, the V10F is the model with the larger battery. The range that you get is over 40-50 kilometers, even in "poor" conditions. By bad conditions I mean, for example, low ambient temperature, a heavy driver (about 90 kg for me), quite a few meters of altitude on the route, uneven terrain and heavily fluctuating speeds.

I didn't do a test with the V10F to the end of the battery, but there are some unicyclists on Youtube who have done long-distance tests with it and get values between 40 km and 70 km. The 40 kilometers came about in a test at temperatures around freezing point. This was done on forest paths and the test driver was roughly in my weight class. In addition, the unicycle had just been unpacked and charged for the first time, which of course is not the best time to fully charge the batteries.

Here is a screenshot from the range test by Ian (Speedy Feet). Even if it looks sunny: The temperatures were low and nibbled on the battery power. — Here is one Screenshot from the range test by Ian (Speedy Feet). Even if it looks sunny: The temperatures were low and nibbled on the battery power.

A test driver (see Youtube video by Anna Veverkova) with a weight of almost 50 kg, on the other hand, traveled 66 kilometers and still had over 30% battery over. With her it was a sunny 29 degrees outside temperature and it was only on paved roads. These are significantly better conditions for the technology.

My longest trip with the Inmotion V10F was about 3:20 hours over field and forest paths. It was about 30 kilometers, but it was up and down over 500 meters. Most of the time the ground was very bumpy, which is why I didn't manage more than 9 km / h average speed. When I got back to the car, I could barely stand on the unicycle, but the Inmotion V10F still had 55% battery over. I have to admit to myself: before the Inmotion V10F runs out of power, my legs give up. :-)

Even if you don't always drive 40 or 50 kilometers: it's just a reassuring feeling to have such a large range. You always have to keep in mind that the electric unicycles of all manufacturers switch to a "power-saving mode" when the battery is about 20-30%, in which you can no longer drive at maximum speed. Anyone who has experienced this knows how boring it is to ride an electric unicycle at 5 km/h.

For this reason, you never want to be embarrassed about driving your unicycle down to 0% battery. You should always plan in such a way that you reach your final destination with 20-30% battery.

The loudspeakers built into the front and rear provide information while driving if you are driving too fast, the battery is nearing its end or the motor is overheated. — The loudspeakers built into the front and rear provide information while driving if you are driving too fast, the battery is nearing its end or the motor or electronics are about to overheat.

Battery warning and speed limits on the Inmotion V10 / V10F

As I just mentioned, there are changes to the handling when the battery is low - and that affects all unicycles as far as I know. The Inmotion V10 / V10F has the first limitation when you reach the 40% battery mark. Then the maximum speed is reduced from 40 km / h to 35 km / h. Most people will not notice this, because 35 km / h feels daringly fast. I've never felt the need to drive 40 km / h.

At 20% you are braked again (I think at 5 or 10 km / h) and at 10% the unicycle slowly but relentlessly puts the pedals in a very inclined position and asks the driver to get off the speaker via the loudspeaker. With the 10% the bike still keeps its balance so that you can push it home, but driving is no longer possible at that point.

When specifying the percentage, you should keep in mind that the 20% battery level at standstill can quickly become 0% with moderate acceleration. So when the battery level falls below 30% without load, you can no longer expect a lot of range.

A small ray of hope is still allowed even when the battery is almost empty, because if you ride downhill, the electric unicycle recharges its batteries when braking. One or the other may already be familiar with this “recuperation brake” from electric cars. This means that a few kilometers of range can still be achieved with the unicycle.

The tire profile of the Inmotion V10F allows for detours on muddy dirt roads and bumpy gravel roads.

Driving experience and maneuverability of the Inmotion V10F

When driving, the Inmotion V10F feels very comfortable. Due to its high construction, it looks like an 18-inch wheel, but it is "only" a 16-inch (like the Inmotion V8). With the new tires it is now perfect for outdoor terrain, as it has more grip than the V8 with its hardly profiled tires, which are designed more for driving in the city.

Of course you can tell that a 16-inch tire of the Inmotion V10F is more prone to stones, holes or similar things on the way than the 18-inch tire of my Kingsong KS 18L, but for that you have to drive both wheels in direct comparison . What one notices, however, even without a direct comparison: The 16-inch wheel is much more manoeuvrable and can therefore be steered more easily around problem areas on the way. The Inmotion V10F is also more responsive than the KS 18L when practicing tricks such as swinging back and forth on the spot.

For longer rides, the padding on the sides of the unicycle provides more comfort. Especially for beginners, the bike "wobbles" back and forth between the legs and often hits the lower leg, which causes uncomfortable pressure points after a short time. The pads make it easier to fix the bike between your legs. For very bumpy spots or when practicing jumping over potholes, this option is helpful even for experienced drivers.

Thanks to the 16-inch tires and the high pedals, the V10 can also take tight corners.

The engine performance compared to the Inmotion V8

I have been using the Inmotion V8 for over a year now and drive the same forest paths more often, so that I have a good comparison between the V8 and the V10F. With its 2000 watt motor output, the Inmotion V10F has more than double the output of the Inmotion V8 (800 watts). At first I thought that this would give the V10F an incredible acceleration, but it is stronger than the V8, but not so strong that you have the feeling that you no longer have the wheel under control.

But where the more powerful engine scores much more clearly are steep inclines and heavier drivers (*sniff*). I have a nice forest path here that has a gradient of 15 to 20% for sure. The Inmotion V8 has always managed this with me under my belt, but you could tell from the engine that it had to work really hard to drive me up the 100 to 150 meters. On the Inmotion V10F you don't notice any effort from the wheel. On the contrary: If the path wasn't so "unwieldy" because of roots and stones, I could certainly still accelerate while driving up.

Even on steep forest paths, the Inmotion V10 (on the right in the photo) does not show any effort. On the left in the picture the Inmotion V8 with protective cover.

More engine power = less risk of accidents

Speaking of accelerating when starting up: I just got an old one Forum post I read where someone described how their Inmotion V8 had a 'cutoff' at 25km/h on a steep hill. That means the engine switches off and you inevitably fall over the front – not a nice feeling. Such cutoffs happen when the unicycle's motor can no longer generate enough torque to balance itself and the rider. Normally, the electronics “notice” that the motor is reaching its technical limits and emit an audio warning. But if you have unfavorable circumstances, a cutoff happens without warning. Due to the higher engine performance of the Inmotion V10F, the risk of such an emergency shutdown is significantly reduced, since the engine does not reach its limits so quickly.

Here is a screenshot from this Youtube video. The problem here was very likely that the rider had not heard the warning messages from his unicycle due to the noise and the helmet. It could of course also have been due to the weather conditions, but at 35 mp / h (over 50 km / h) the unicycle should already have been at its limit. — Here is a screenshot from this youtube video. The problem here was very likely that the rider had not heard the warning messages from his unicycle due to the noise and the helmet. It could of course also have been due to the weather conditions, but at 35 mp / h (over 50 km / h) the unicycle was probably already at its technical limit.

In addition to this safety aspect, the additional power that you have with the V10F compared to the V8 simply ensures more driving pleasure. You can drive steeper paths, brake faster and accelerate faster - and you have a range that is more than twice as long thanks to the huge battery pack.

Maximum speed

I personally did not try the 40 km / h maximum speed of the V10F because I feel uncomfortable at such high speeds if I have not put on complete protective motorcycle clothing (which I do not have). However, I drive around 35 km / h every now and then and the Inmotion V10F has no problems here either. There is no vibration or wobbling as sometimes occurs with other bikes (Ninebot Z10) at higher speeds.

Mature: The Inmotion App on the iPhone

Last year I tried various apps from unicycle manufacturers and I have to say that the Inmotion app has always been the most intuitive to use. With the KingSong app, I failed in the first few days to create an account because the app suddenly no longer had any controls to continue with the registration process. There are no such problems with Inmotion. Here you can easily see the many years of experience that the team has already put into the unicycle and the app.

The Inmotion app is easy to use and looks very friendly and tidy. However, it does not have as many setting options as the DarknessBot app. — The Inmotion app is easy to use and looks very friendly and tidy.

As a rule, you only need the app if you want to make settings on the unicycle. That is, if you want to adjust the LED lighting or the maximum speed or if you want to calibrate the pedals. Otherwise, it records data such as the engine power used, the distance traveled and the speed while driving. The battery indicator is also shown with a battery symbol on the bike, so that you can check the battery status at any time, even without an app.

[appbox app store id1452771445]

My favorite app: DarknessBot

I couldn't understand why the Inmotion app only got one star, because no text was entered for the rating. I have no problems with the app, but mostly use the DarknessBot app to track the values of the unicycles. The app works with all electric unicycles and connects automatically. In addition, it gives significantly more values and setting options than the apps that the manufacturers provide.

[appbox app store id1108403878]

The most important feature for most riders will be the ability to change the unicycle's speed limit with DarknessBot. With many unicycles, you now have to have ridden a certain number of kilometers before you can “unlock” the top speed. If you have not covered these kilometers, you will get a warning 10 km/h before the actual maximum speed, for example, that you should drive more slowly.

With this, the manufacturers want to ensure that new unicycle owners drive 250 kilometers and gain experience before they break through the area at 40 km / h. For people who have already ridden other unicycles and have experience (but not on the new unicycle), this is annoying. With DarknessBot you can remove this lock and directly release the top speed.

The DarknessBot app logs the power consumption of the motor, temperature of the electronics, speed and much more while driving. There is also an Apple Watch app on which you can then display any value while you are driving. — The DarknessBot app logs the power consumption of the motor, temperature of the electronics, speed and much more while driving. There is also an Apple Watch app on which you can then display any value (for example the current speed) while you are driving.

Conclusion: A great advancement to the V8

If a newcomer has to decide on an electric unicycle, you can still recommend the Inmotion V8 without hesitation. According to my research, it has been the lightest unicycle for years that can score with a range of over 20 kilometers and a speed of up to 30 km / h.

However, there are a few points where I would immediately recommend the Inmotion V10 or V10F as an entry-level model:

the driver weighs over 85 kg
you want to drive over 30 km / h
you need a range of 25 to 30 kilometers
Off-road trips are planned more often
very steep mountains are driven every now and then

In these areas of application, the V10F is simply a very good partner and is definitely preferable to the V8.

Anyone who already has an Inmotion V8 and is wondering whether the upgrade is worth it: Yes, I almost only drive the Inmotion V10F and only use the V8 when I have visitors who want to go for a ride with me or when I “do tricks ' like reversing or something similar. When performing tricks like this, the V8 is easier to control simply because it is lighter. Incidentally, the Inmotion V8 was the first unicycle I bought and I still think it's a good introduction to the world of electric unicycles.

A little thing that you notice immediately when you switch: the pedals have become significantly larger. Only the rubber could have a little more grip when wet. I'm thinking about sticking grip tape over it so that I have good adhesion even in bad weather.

Of course, you can feel the upgrade from V8 to V10F in many places while driving. It is much more fun to drive the V10F on the dirt roads because there is simply more power to accelerate and brake - and you definitely don't have to worry about whether you will end up in the forest after an hour or two of driving pleasure .

If you are interested in one of the three Inmotion models (V8, V10 or V10F), I have linked them here. If you are still wondering whether riding an electric unicycle is something for you, have a look at my article, in which I am about report my new hobby or in the article about my winter trip with the unicycle reports. Hopefully both articles show how much fun it is!

And in case you have any questions on the topic, feel free to write a comment. I try to answer everything!

PS: HAPPY EASTER! ; -)

InMotion Unisex-Adult V10f Monowheel, Black, Unique EU Size

Motor power: 2000 W.
Battery: 12 Ah / 8 V / 84 Wh
Duration: up to 75 km. Charging time: 8 hours

Electric unicycle Inmotion V10

Motor power: 1800 W.
Battery: 8, 8 Ah / 84 V / 650 WH
Duration: up to 55 km

59,20 EUR

InMotion Unisex-Adult V8 Monowheel, black, 53,8 x 46,2 x 14,8 cm

Monowheel with 16 inches, market standard.
Speed: up to 30 km / h.
Range: 40 km.

Transparency notice

I already pointed this out in the introduction above, but I would like to mention it again here: The Inmotion V10F was made available to me by Hammer International (the German distributor of Inmotion). The fee has not been paid and I was able to report and write freely about my experiences with the unicycle by Inmotion. The manufacturer has neither influenced nor imposed any conditions.

Jen Kleinholz( Founder & Sir Apfelot )

Jens has been running the blog since 2012. He appears as Sir Apfelot for his readers and helps them with problems of a technical nature. In his free time he drives electric unicycles, takes photos (preferably with his iPhone, of course), climbs around in the Hessian mountains or hikes with the family. His articles deal with Apple products, news from the world of drones or solutions for current bugs.

Did you like the article and did the instructions on the blog help you? Then I would be happy if you the blog via a Steady Membership would support.

The page contains affiliate links / images: Amazon.de

2 Responses to "Inmotion V10F - test and field report on the flagship of Inmotion"

Thill Carlo
January 3, 2021 at 15:44 am

Hello, I drove two years of ninebot one s2 (2 monow.) I now have a 1/1 year of a V2F, definitely worth recommending, but my first outcome was very disappointing. Big, unwieldy, very difficult to steer, brake to the stand, wanted to give it away after half an hour. Drove to a free place practiced very tight radii until the pedals spotted after 10 hours it was mine everything mentioned above was like gone. Ones1 is very easy, hence the conversion. Very manoeuvrable at slower speeds. Tight radii (smaller like ones2) very stable at speed. Not a toy just for fun.

Reply
1. Jen Kleinholz
  January 3, 2021 at 15:52 am
  
  Hello Thill! Yes, that's always the case when you come from smaller unicycles. The bigger the bike and the heavier it is, the less agile it is. I had the same thing when switching from the Inmotion V8 to the KS 18L. But the large wheel diameter is simply unaffordable in fields, forests and meadows. : D Not to mention the acceleration and the speed ...
  
  Reply

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Graphics in the VR headset: what is foveated rendering?
For several years, manufacturers of VR headsets have used the term "Foveated Rendering" to emphasize the advanced nature of their devices. Research on this type of image and scene creation with different degrees of sharpness and detail in the user's field of vision has been going on for over 30 years. But only in recent years does the technology seem to have become powerful enough to enable foveated rendering - on the HTC Vive Pro Eye, on the Oculus Quest / Meta Quest, on the Sony PlayStation VR 2 (PSVR2) as well as on the apple vision pro, presented on June 5, 2023 became. But what exactly is foveated rendering?
What is foveated rendering? What are the differences between the static and the dynamic application? And how does it all work in the Apple Vision Pro headset? Here are answers to these questions.

The Term: What is Foveated Rendering?
Foveated rendering describes the image synthesis for VR and AR applications on appropriate headsets, taking into account the direction of view, so that image content in focus is displayed sharper or more detailed and content viewed only peripherally is less sharp / less detailed. Or to put it more simply: If you use a virtual reality headset with foveated rendering, only the viewed parts of the display content are displayed in the highest resolution. What is not viewed directly is not rendered at full resolution and with the most detailed textures.
From "Foveated rendering: A state-of-the-art survey" by Lili Wang, Xuenhuai Shi and Yi Liu. The link to the study is at the bottom of this post.
The advantage is that the highest image quality can be used in the direct line of sight, while the edges of the image require less computing power. However, this poses several challenges for technical research, the manufacturing companies, the developers of the software and games used and, last but not least, the devices in use. Because eye movements are fast, the reaction time of the brain is also rapid and the VR headset is only as good as the technology that is built into it.
Where does the name "Foveated Rendering" come from?
The first part of the term, "Foveated," refers to the fovea centralis in the human eye. This Latin term means something like "central pit" and describes the so-called visual pit on the retina of the eye. This is the area of sharpest vision (foveal vision). The diameter of the fovea centralis measures around 1,5 mm and there are around 147.000 light receptors (cones) per square millimeter, mainly M and L cones for the green and red range of visible light, fewer S cones for blue light .
The fovea centralis is located on the temporal side next to the optic nerve of the eye. Figure by Hans-Werner Hunziker under CC BY-SA 3.0 license at Wikimedia (here ).
The second part of the term, namely "rendering", refers to the computer-assisted generation of images from raw data. In operating systems, software with a graphical interface, video games, apps and the like, data, commands, coordination and other information are used to generate an image output that is then displayed to the user on the output device. In the generation of individual image files, the speed of the rendering process is important. In the case of moving image and multimedia content, these are repeated several times in a short space of time. The fps number specifies how many frames per second are calculated and output. As a complete term, "Foveated Rendering" describes the creation of computer graphics or virtual scenes that are only fully and sharply calculated in the direct viewing direction. Anything outside of the straight line to the fovea centralis will be rendered less sharp and/or with less elaborate textures. The rendering process can thus be accelerated and uses fewer resources, while the users do not have to accept any (noticeable) reduction in image quality. So e.g. For example, VR games can be displayed in 4K resolution in the field of view, while a lower resolution is used at the edges of the display. So an interplay of foveal and peripheral vision.
The Technique: How Does Foveated Rendering Work?
There are different approaches to the realization of this technique, depending on the type of foveated rendering to be offered. The most convenient and natural for users is Dynamic Foveated Rendering, in which the direction of gaze is determined by eye tracking and the sharp image area is repositioned accordingly. However, this is the most technically complex implementation. Fixed or Static Foveated Rendering assumes that the user is only looking straight ahead or at another fixed point, which is why only the same point is rendered completely sharp and the sharpness or level of detail decreases towards the edges of the image.
Without Eye Tracking: Static / Fixed Foveated Rendering
The advantage of fixed foveated rendering is that the virtual reality headset does not have to include a new eye position and thus a new viewing direction as the data basis each time it calculates individual images. This means that there is less computing effort for the input evaluation and the processors are less heavily used for this. In this way, less demanding technology can be used (seen in comparison) and/or power consumption can be reduced. Furthermore, manufacturers can save on the technology for eye tracking and the device becomes cheaper. The disadvantage, of course, is that the virtual reality headset either only displays the center of the image or image content rated as interesting in the highest resolution. So, in a video game, it could be that only the game character and its immediate surroundings are fully rendered, while areas further away from them appear blurry. Here the developers have to rely on game tests and the associated measurements of the direction of view, it is not possible to react ad hoc to where the players are really looking.
With Eye Tracking: Dynamic Foveated Rendering
The advantage of Dynamic Foveated Rendering / Dynamically Foveated Rendering is that the direction of view of the user is included in the image calculation in the VR headset. If you look to the left in the virtual scene, the left sides of the display are sharp, the center is less sharp and the right display areas have the least resolution. If you look to the right, the right sides of the display will have a higher resolution, and so on. This technique allows for more natural usage and doesn't require developers to anticipate the gaze interest in the application. The disadvantage is that the VR glasses have to take into account the user's line of sight for every image calculation. This has to be done extremely quickly because you can focus on a wide variety of objects in a wide variety of directions in a short amount of time. The eye movements, the rapid registration of image content and the unpredictable change of mind when selecting important scene content pose a challenge here. The registration of eye movement (eye tracking), the calculation of the field of view and the corresponding image synthesis must take place in a small fraction of a second . This requires the latest technology and optimized processes.
Video: Foveated Rendering Demo in just 45 seconds
In this Video shows how foveated rendering can work in combination with deep learning. For this, the viewed object was given a higher pixel density and 95% of the pixels were removed from the rest of the image. In this way, the eventual dissolution of the retina of the eye was simulated. The now missing pixels were then replaced by an AI, which leads to more and more abstract forms with increasing distance to the viewed object, but makes no difference overall, since the distant content is only seen peripherally and is therefore not perceived in detail by the brain. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPK8eQ4o8Pk
The challenge: reaction to eye movements under 13 milliseconds
from one Investigation by Mary C. Potter, Brad Wyble, Carl Erick Hagmann and Emily S. McCourt, whose results were published in 2013, show that people can capture new image content - or at least the main content of the images - within 13 ms. In detail, the study "Detecting meaning in RSVP at 13 ms per picture" published in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, Volume 76, Issue 2 in February 2014 states:
The results of both experiments show that conceptual understanding can be achieved when a novel picture is presented as briefly as 13 ms and masked by other pictures. Even when participants were not given the target name until after they had viewed the entire sequence of six or 12 pictures, their performance was above chance even at 13 ms [...]
The challenge for modern virtual reality headsets with dynamic foveated rendering is to calculate detailed and blurred image areas in a cycle of 0,013 seconds. No wonder, then, that the development of the Apple Vision Pro headset took so long and that besides the M2 chip the new R1 chip was installed, which is made exclusively for the interpretation of sensor data. In the press release the Apple Vision Pro says accordingly:
[...] while the all-new R1 chip processes input from twelve cameras, five sensors and six microphones, ensuring content feels as if it's happening in real-time in front of the user's eyes. R1 transmits new images to the displays within 12 milliseconds [...]

The Apple Vision Pro headset has LEDs and infrared cameras on the inside that measure eye movements. The R1 chip evaluates the data determined in this way so that the image can be generated on the M2 chip as quickly as possible.

How the technology is integrated into the Apple Vision Pro headset
According to Apple, Dynamically Foveated Rendering is part of the visionOS operating system. Developers can use it to customize their content using Apple's Xcode and Reality Composer Pro tools. Unity can also be used natively under visionOS for certain apps and games. The Unity game engine supplements the visionOS SDK (SDK = Software Development Kit), the RealityKit, the UIKit and the aforementioned Apple offers for programming, AR design, VR applications and the like. On the developer page for the topic (here ) it says accordingly:
Now, you can use Unity's robust, familiar authoring tools to create new apps and games or reimagine your existing Unity-created projects for visionOS. Your apps get access to all the benefits of visionOS, like passthrough and Dynamically Foveated Rendering, in addition to familiar Unity features like AR Foundation. By combining Unity's authoring and simulation capabilities with RealityKit-managed app rendering, content created with Unity looks and feels at home on visionOS.

In addition to the PlayStation VR 2 headset (PSVR 2), the Meta Quest and similar devices, there is now also the Apple Vision Pro as a VR and AR headset. The manufacturer points out on its developer page that Dynamically Foveated Rendering is used for the visionOS system and the programs running on it.

Summary: Foveated Rendering in Virtual Reality Headsets
With regard to image content of virtual reality (VR) and in some cases also augmented reality (AR), foveated rendering describes a concentration of computing processes on the user's field of vision, in which foveal vision plays a role. Resources can be saved in areas of peripheral vision, i.e. for content that is literally only perceived marginally, since the resolution is not as high and the textures are not as large. In dynamic foveated rendering in particular, the challenge consists in reacting to eye movements in the shortest possible time (less than or in 13 milliseconds) and outputting appropriately adapted image content.
Sources for your own research
Below is a list of sources I used in researching this post. These supplement the content already linked in the article, which can also be viewed as sources:
- English Wikipedia article on the subject: View here
- German Wikipedia article on the fovea centralis: View here
- State-of-the-art study on foveated rendering from 2022, by Lili Wang, Xuehuai Shi & Yi Liu (to be published in early 2023): View here
Is my Apple Watch compatible with watchOS 10?
In addition to various other operating systems and some devices, Apple presented the new watchOS 10 for the Apple Watch on Monday. The innovations that are to come to compatible Apple smartwatches from autumn 2023 include widgets, color adjustments in the world clock overview, new display options in the fitness app, new functions for maps and hiking navigation, etc. One wonders but: Is my Apple Watch compatible with watchOS 10? Here you will find the answer to this question as well as further information from the WWDC23 keynote.
Is my Apple Watch compatible with watchOS 10? Here's the answer to that question, the full list of the regular Apple Watch, the SE models, and the previous Ultra model. Also information about compatible iPhones with iOS 17.

These Apple Watch models are compatible with watchOS 10
Looking at the watchOS 10 compatibility list, there are fewer surprises than with macOS, iOS and iPadOS. Basically, compared to the models, compatible with watchOS 9, no changes. Accordingly, these Apple Watch models are compatible with watchOS 10:
- Apple Watch Series 4 (2018)
- Apple Watch Series 5 (2019)
- Apple Watch Series 6 (2020)
- Apple WatchSE (2020)
- Apple Watch Series 7 (2021)
- Apple Watch Series 8 (2022)
- Apple Watch SE 2nd Gen (2022)
- Apple Watch Ultra (2022)
Apple points out that not all functions of the new system can be used with all smartwatches mentioned. Older watches and the slimmed-down SE version cannot be used with functions that require newer hardware. Some watchOS uses are also limited to the Apple Watch Ultra. It is also important to know that an Apple Watch with macOS 10 requires an iPhone with iOS 17 – compatible with iOS 17 are iPhones from 2018 (XR, XS, SE 2nd Gen, and newer).
When to install the watchOS 10 upgrade?
The official version of watchOS 10 intended for all users will be released in autumn 2023. It may be that Apple will roll it out after the September event. However, it is also possible that the upgrade will not be available until October or November. That depends on when the new Apple Watch models will be presented and when you can buy them. Because the new system will certainly be brought onto the market again in parallel with the new devices. If you can't wait, you can use a public beta.
Learn more about watchOS 10, iOS 17, iPadOS 17, macOS 14 and more
Now the question should Is my Apple Watch compatible with watchOS 10? be sufficiently answered. If you also want to know what's in the new system, what innovations are coming to the iPhone, the Mac and the iPad or what's up with the apple vision pro then take a look here: WWDC23 Keynote Summary - Operating Systems, Macs and MR Headset. If you are interested in the new Apple computers, then have a look here: 15″ MacBook Air, Mac Studio 2023 and Mac Pro 2023.
Official information about watchOS 10 from Apple
The source for the list of Apple Watch models compatible with watchOS 10 is by the way this preview page. This is provided by Apple to provide a preview of watchOS 10. On the page you will find numerous screenshots, descriptions of new features, videos and animations, the list shown above, information about compatible devices such as the iPhone, apps from watchOS and links to other preview pages and the beta program. So if you want to take a look at watchOS before the official release, you can install the public beta. I'm waiting for the fall and the official upgrade.
Is my Mac compatible with macOS 14 Sonoma?
Within the WWDC23 keynote Apple introduced various new operating systems on Monday, including macOS 14 Sonoma. Named after California's Sonoma Valley, the computer operating system will be rolled out in the fall of 2023, raising the question: Is my Mac compatible with macOS 14 Sonoma? - Get the answer and a list of iMac, iMac Pro, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, Mac mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro models compatible with macOS 14 here. You can also find more information about Monday's Apple releases below.
Is my Mac compatible with macOS 14 Sonoma? Here you will find an answer to this question as well as the list of iMac, iMac Pro, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, Mac mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro models that can be used with Sonoma.

These Mac models are compatible with macOS Sonoma
Here is the list of Mac models compatible with macOS 14. Compared with the Apple computers, compatible with macOS 13 Ventura, there are a few small changes. While the 2022 system can be used on the Apple iMac from 2017, the upcoming system requires at least a 2019 iMac. The MacBook Pro is also missing a year. Here is the whole macOS 14 compatibility list:
- Apple iMac from 2019 or newer
- Apple iMac Pro from 2017 or newer
- Apple MacBook Air from 2018 or newer
- Apple MacBook Pro from 2018 or newer
- Apple Mac mini from 2018 or newer
- Apple Mac Studio from 2022 or newer
- Apple Mac Pro from 2019 or newer
The new Apple computers unveiled on Monday are coming along next week macOS 13 Adventure on the market. But of course they will also get the upgrade to macOS 2023 Sonoma in autumn 14. The three new Macs presented at the WWDC23 keynote are those 15 inch MacBook Airthe Mac Studio with M2 Max or M2 Ultra and the Mac Pro with M2 Ultra. The latter completes the transition from Intel processors to Apple Silicon. Accordingly, the upcoming operating systems will be even more tuned to this ARM system.
When will the upgrade to macOS 14 appear?
According to Apple, the new version of macOS will be officially rolled out in autumn 2023. In advance there is of course Beta versions for developers and other interested parties. But the finished macOS Sonoma for the general public will only be available after one of the autumn keynotes, possibly as early as September. However, it is also possible that the upgrade to macOS 14 can only be loaded in October or November. In any case, you have to be patient for at least another quarter of a year. Here at Sir Apfelot we will of course keep you informed of developments.
Learn more about macOS 14, iPadOS 17, iOS 17, watchOS 10 and more
If you want to know what's in detail in the new system and what innovations are coming to the iPhone, iPad and Apple Watch or what's up with the apple vision pro then take a look here: WWDC23 Keynote Summary - Operating Systems, Macs and MR Headset. In this round-up of Apple's events on Monday, you'll find details of the new features and improvements in macOS 14, iPadOS 17, iOS 17 and watchOS 10, as well as the key specs of the new devices. There are also a few updates for the AirPods, the HomePod (mini) and tvOS on the Apple TV. So if you want all the news from Monday evening's event, click here.
Official information about macOS 14 Sonoma from Apple
The source for the list of Mac models compatible with macOS 14 Sonoma is by the way this preview page. This landing page is provided by Apple.com to provide a preview of the new system. You get screenshots, details about new functions, videos and animations, the compatibility list shown above, information about compatible devices such as iPhone and game controllers, apps from macOS and links to other preview pages and the beta program. So if you want to take a look at macOS Sonoma before the official release, you can use the public beta. I'm waiting for the fall and the official upgrade.
Apple Vision Pro – the price? WTF... or ok?
One of the most talked about aspects of the Apple Vision Pro is its price. At $3499, it's undoubtedly more expensive than everyone expected. The leaks assumed 2500 USD and some people got heavy eye rolls. And I have to admit that 30 seconds into the Vision Pro presentation I said "Shut up and take my money!". But when I saw 3500 USD, I had my doubts.
3400 USD is about 4200 EUR
Anyone who thinks that you can simply translate 3400 US dollars into 3400 euros is unfortunately wrong. The US price does not include VAT and the euro is currently weaker than the US dollar. Accordingly, something else is added here. The bottom line is that we should probably land at a price of 4200 to 4500 euros. This severely limits the target group for the Vision Pro and you can be sure that it will not become a mass product for the time being. Of course, it may well be that the Apple Vision Pro 2 and 3 will then be significantly cheaper, but we currently have the hefty price on our cheeks.
Is the Apple Vision Pro worth the price?
It has already been mentioned that this product is the most complex piece of technology that Apple has ever created. And if I'm not mistaken, I had heard somewhere that the pure material value was 1300 to 1500 USD. Then there are all the development costs, because Apple seems to have been working on the concept of the glasses for many (5-7!) years. Calculated on this basis alone, the glasses are "expensive" from my point of view, but the price is somehow justified. But the second question is: Is the Vision Pro MIR worth the money? That's something I can't answer because everyone has to discuss it for themselves. If it's a piece of equipment that I use for several hours a day and ultimately earn money with it and maybe even deduct it from my taxes, then the glasses are definitely worth the money. However, if I only occasionally watch a film or want to switch off mentally, then it might be an expensive gadget. But if you have the money, why not buy it? The Vision Pro for spatial computing is definitely on my shopping list, but I just have to see if I actually have that much money on the high edge at the beginning of 2024.
The Quest 2 and especially the Quest 3 are probably better options if you are looking for VR glasses for gaming.

Are there cheap alternatives to the Vision Pro?
Of course there are VR glasses, like the Meta Quest 2 or the Meta Quest Pro, which cost less and with which you can also do many things that you can also experience with the Vision Pro. The Quest Pro can also watch films that feel like they are being played on a giant screen with decent quality. And the Quest 3 will also get passthrough in colorful and the Quest Pro already has it. But all competitor glasses have to give up on these points:
- There is no way to create a virtual monitor with such sharp graphics for his Mac in AR.
- Deep integration into the Apple system is reserved for the Vision Pro
- The extremely high resolution of 4K for each eye is currently only possible with the Vision Pro.
So it's hard to compare the glasses with each other. In addition, Apple has not said a word about the availability of real VR games on the Vision Pro. So if you like to gamble, you should be better – and cheaper – with the Quest 3 or currently with the Quest Pro in the fall. The Quest 3 will retail for EUR 569 - a fraction of the price you'll pay for the Vision Pro. And last but not least, the Vision Pro has zeroed in on a user. The iris recognition allows only one person to use this device, making it impossible for the kids to play around with it when the main character is someone else. In this case you are also better served with other VR glasses.
My conclusion
We have already clarified what the price for the Vision Pro is. USD 3499 is announced in the USA and in Germany we will have to reckon with EUR 4200 to 4500. Whether the Apple glasses are worth this high price will only become clear when we see the first test reports and when you have discussed with yourself what you could use the glasses for.
FAQ
Hopefully, all questions about price and costs are answered here:
Is my iPad compatible with iPadOS 17?
Customized lock screens with widgets, interactive widgets on home screen, new features for various Apps, an iPad version of the Health app and more are included iPadOS 17. This raises the question: Is my iPad compatible with iPadOS 17? Here you get the answer! Because in this guide I have listed all compatible Apple tablets for you. And you get some additional information for free.
Is my iPad compatible with iPadOS 17? Here you will get an answer to this question as well as further information on compatible Apple tablets, other systems and new devices.

These iPad models are compatible with iPadOS 17
With the new iPadOS 17, not all iPads are supported any more Compatible with iPadOS 16 are. While you have had to pay attention to the corresponding model generation for the iPad, iPad Air and iPad mini for a few operating system versions, this year there is no iPad Pro generation for the first time. Here is the complete iPadOS 17 compatibility list:
- iPad Pro (2nd gen and newer)
- iPad Air (3rd gen and newer)
- iPad (6th gen and newer)
- iPad mini (5th gen and newer)
For context, the second-generation 12,9-inch iPad Pro models were sold from 2017 to 2018. The second-generation 11-inch iPad Pro models were sold from 2020 to 2021. There are no second generations of the iPad Pro models with 9,7 inches (2016 to 2017) and 10,5 inches (2017 to 2019). Those are the most current 12,9 inch sixth generation iPad Pro (2022) and that Fourth generation 11-inch iPad Pro (2022). The third generation iPad Air came out in 2019, now that's already there Fifth generation iPad Air (2022). The sixth generation iPad appeared in 2018, and has been around since 2022 the tenth generation of the standard iPad. The fifth generation iPad mini was released in 2019 and has been around since 2021 Sixth generation iPad mini. Overall, iPadOS 17 provides support similar to that of the iPhone for iOS 17.
When to Install iPadOS 17 Upgrade on iPad?
The new iPad operating system from Apple will not be released until autumn 2023, i.e. after the September keynote at the earliest. But it is also possible that new iPad models will not be presented until October or November. The upgrade to iPadOS 17 for the above models will surely accompany this presentation and the launch of the new tablet models. But now the question Is my iPad compatible with iPadOS 17? is answered, you at least know whether you can hope for the new functions with your device or whether they are no longer supported. If you're considering a new purchase, check out the posts linked above to read up on the newer iPad versions.
Learn more about iPadOS 17, iOS 17, macOS 14, watchOS 10 and more
If you want to know what's in detail in the new system and what innovations are coming to the iPhone, the Mac and the Apple Watch or what's up with the apple vision pro then take a look here: WWDC23 Keynote Summary - Operating Systems, Macs and MR Headset. In the summary of Apple's events on Monday you will find some data on Apple's new computers: 15″ MacBook Air, Mac Studio 2023 and Mac Pro 2023. If you are particularly interested in one of the models, then click on the corresponding link. We now have posts on all of the announcements from the WWDC23Keynote.
Official information about iPadOS 17 from Apple
The source for the list of iPadOS 17 compatible iPad models is by the way this preview page. It is provided by Apple to provide a preview of iPadOS 17. There you will find numerous screenshots, descriptions of new functions, videos and animations, the compatibility list shown above, information on compatible devices such as the Apple Pencil, apps from iPadOS and links to other preview pages and the beta program. So if you want to take a look at iPadOS 17 before the official release, you can use the public beta. I'm waiting for the fall and the official upgrade of the public version.

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